PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	Permian Subages of Germany	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Carboniferous of China	Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian						0.0117
				Chibanian			Sheridanian						0.129
				Chibanian			Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
				Calabrian			Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
				Calabrian			Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
				Gelasian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
				Zanclean									3.6
				Zanclean			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
			Miocene	Messinian									5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
				Tortonian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
				Serravallian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						11.63
				Serravallian			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
				Langhian									13.82
				Burdigalian									15.98
							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
				Aquitanian									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
								Monroecreekian					23.1 *
								Geringian					24.7 *
				Rupelian				Geringian					27.82
				Rupelian									29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
				Priabonian									37
				Bartonian									37.71
				Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
				Lutetian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
				Ypresian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
				Thanetian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
				Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
				Selandian					To3/To2/To1				60.9
				Danian					To3/To2/To1				61.6
				Danian					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian		100.5
											Middle Albian		106.2 *
											Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian							Late Aptian		113
				Aptian							Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian							Late Berriasian		139.8
											Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
											Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
Bajocian				Late Bajocian	168.2
Bajocian				Early Bajocian	168.6 *
Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian	174.7
				Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
				Early Toarcian	182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
			Norian	Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian	227
			Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian	Buntsandstein	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Buntsandstein	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian		Leine	264.28
			Wordian	Noginskian	Leine	264.9 *
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
			Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian		283.5
			Artinskian	Rusavkinian		287.6 *
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
			Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
							Xiaodushanian	300 *
						Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian					303.7
				Khamovnikian					304.8
				Khamovnikian				Cantabrian	305 *
				Krevyakinian			Dalaun		305.8 *
			Moscovian	Myachkovian					307
				Myachkovian		Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
				Podolskian				Westphalian D	308.9 *
				Podolskian				Westphalian C	309.8
				Kashirian					311.4 *
				Vereian					313.8
				Vereian				Westphalian B	314.6
				Melekessian					314.8
			Bashkirian	Melekessian					315.2
				Cheremshanian					316.9 *
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Huashibanian		318.5 *
				Prikamian					318.6 *
				Prikamian		Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
				Severokeltmian				Yeadonian	319.9 *
				Severokeltmian				Marsdenian	320.2 *
				Krasnopolyanian			Lousuan	Marsdenian	321.2 *
				Krasnopolyanian				Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
				Voznesenian				Kinderscoutian	321.9 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian			Dewunian	Chokierian	323.2
				Zapaltjubian				Arnsbergian	324 *
				Protvian					324.4 *
				Steshevian					326.8 *
				Steshevian				Pendleian	327.4 *
				Tarusian					329 *
				Tarusian			Shangsian		330.8 *
			Visean	Venevian		Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
				Mikhailovian					331.9 *
				Aleksinian					333.7 *
				Aleksinian			Jiusian		335 *
				Tulian					335.8 *
				Tulian		Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
				Bobrikian		Livian		Asbian †	339.9 *
				Bobrikian		Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
				Radaevkian		Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.4 *
			Tournaisian	Kosvian		Tangbagouan	Ivorian		346.7
				Kizelian					350.7 *
				Cherepetian					351.9 *
				Cherepetian			Hastarian		353.7 *
				Karakubian					354.4 *
Upinian				356.3 *
Malevkian				357.6 *
Gumerovian				358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				509
	Series 2	Stage 3				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian								635
		Tonian								720
		Tonian							Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							Karatau	1000
		Stenian							Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian							Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian							Burzyan	1375
													1400