PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Silurian Ages of Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Nihewanian							0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †			Yushean							2.58
		Zanclean					Yushean							3.6
		Zanclean					Baodean							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian					Tunggurian							11.1
		Serravallian					Tunggurian							11.63
		Langhian					Shanwangian							13.82
		Burdigalian					Shanwangian							15.98
		Burdigalian					Xiejiaan							16.9
		Aquitanian					Xiejiaan							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic					Late Albian						100.5
								Middle Albian						106.2 *
								Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian						113
		Aptian						Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian						139.8
								Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
								Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian						Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian						174.7
								Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
								Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian						Sevatian						208.5
								Alaunian						213.2 *
								Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian						Tuvalian						227
		Carnian						Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian	237
		Ladinian			Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Mapingian †	Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian					Mapingian †			303.7
		Kasimovian								305.9
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian				323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian				330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Gleedonian		427.4
		Homerian						Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill							Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian								Rawtheyan		445.2
										Cautleyan		448.9 *
										Cautleyan	Eastonian	449 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
			Caradoc						Streffordian	Onnian †		449.6 *
									Cheneyan			451.5 *
									Cheneyan		Gisbornian	452 *
									Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
										Actonian †		453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †			455.2 *
									Aurelucian	Longvillian †			456.8 *
									Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn						Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Darriwilian		458.4
		Darriwilian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Darriwilian		461.3 *
		Dapingian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Yapeenian		467.3
			Arenig						Fennian		Yapeenian		468.4 *
											Castlemainian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Chewtonian		470
									Whitlandian		Chewtonian		471.1 *
											Bendigonian		471.8 *
											Lancefieldian		473.5 *
									Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc						Migneintian				477.7
									Cressagian				480.8 *
									Cressagian		Warendian		482.8 *
											Warendian		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †								497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †							504.5
														509