PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian			Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian		Sheridanian							0.129
				Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
							Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian									0.774
				Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
							Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian					Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean					Chapadmalalan				3.6
							Montehermosan				3.7 *
				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Montehermosan				4.7
							Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
							Chasicoan				7.9 *
				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Chasicoan				9.4
							Mayoan				9.9 *
							Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian									11.63
				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
							Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian					Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian					Friasian				15.98
							Santacrucian				16.2 *
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Santacrucian				16.3
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
					Monroecreekian						23.1 *
					Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian									27.82
							Tinguirirican				28.9 *
											29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Divisaderan				35.9 *
											37
		Bartonian									37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian									41.2
							Mustersan				41.9 *
				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian									47.8
							Casamayoran				47.9 *
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican				56
						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican				56.2
							Itaboraian				56.9 *
							Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian									59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1					60.9
		Danian									61.6
							Tiupampan				62.4 *
						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Tiupampan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian								66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic						100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian							Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
								Kawhia	Ohauan	150
									Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Callovian							Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Toarcian						Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian							Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian							Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian							Warepan	208.5
									Otamitan	217
									Oretian	221
		Carnian							Oretian	227
		Carnian						Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian							Etalian	238
		Anisian							Etalian	242
		Anisian							Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian							Nelsonian	249
		Induan							Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan						DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902				Makarewan
		Changhsingian			Waiitian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan				254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima			Flettian	259.51
		Wordian						Flettian	264.28
		Wordian						Barettian	266
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian						Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian						Mangapirian	283.5
		Artinskian						Telfordian	285
											288.5