PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian of North America			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean												0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean												0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Nihewanian								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean												0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean												0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian												0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian												0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan												1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Yushean								2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
				Hemphillian												4.7
								Baodean								4.9
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
				Clarendonian												9.4
								Tunggurian								11.1
		Serravallian														11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian												12.5
		Langhian						Shanwangian								13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
				Hemingfordian												16.3
				Hemingfordian				Xiejiaan								16.9
				Arikareean												18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
				Whitneyan												29.5
				Orellan												31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian												33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean												37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean												37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan												41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian												46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian												47.8
				Wasatchian												50.5
				Clarkforkian												54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian												56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian												56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian												59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian												60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian												61.6
		Danian		Puercan												63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian													66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic													100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian													125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian			Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean	Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Southwoodian	Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan			419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran			422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan			Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Kosovian	443.8
		Katian									Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian									Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian											453
													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
												Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian													458.4
											Dobrotivian				458.5 *
											Oretanian				459.7 *
												Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian										Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian								468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										497
		Guzhangian										Arcadian			498.4
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan													504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Branchian			509
		Stage 3										Branchian			514
		Stage 3										Placentian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																538.8