PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of Britain		Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													0
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian										0.0117
				Chibanian			Ionian										0.129
				Calabrian													0.774
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
				Serravallian													11.63
				Langhian													13.82
				Burdigalian													15.98
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
				Bartonian													37.71
				Lutetian													41.2
				Ypresian													47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian													56
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian												66
				Campanian													72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic												100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian	Neocomian												125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
				Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian													168.2
				Aalenian													170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
				Pliensbachian													184.2
				Sinemurian													192.9
				Hettangian													199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
				Norian													208.5
				Carnian													227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian											Vokhmian		247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan											Vokhmian		251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian											Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
				Wordian											Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
				Roadian											Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian													273.01
				Artinskian													283.5
				Sakmarian													290.1
				Asselian													293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian												Mapingian †	298.9
Kasimovian				303.7												Mapingian †
Kasimovian						305.9
Moscovian						307
Bashkirian						315.2
Mississippian			Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian		Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian	443.8
			Katian					Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian					Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian							453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
								Dobrotivian				458.5 *
								Oretanian				459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian						Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian					Arenigian				468
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Arenigian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10		Late Cambrian			Merioneth				Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
			Stage 10									Festiniogian	489.2 *
			Jiangshanian									Festiniogian	489.5
			Jiangshanian									Maentwrogian	493.1 *
			Paibian									Maentwrogian	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Middle Cambrian			St Davids					497
			Drumian										500.5
			Wuliuan										504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Early Cambrian			Caerfai					509
		Series 2	Stage 3										514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												1000
		Ectasian												1200
		Calymmian												1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian												1600
		Orosirian												1800
		Rhyacian												2050
		Siderian												2300
Archean	Neoarchean													2500
	Mesoarchean													2800
	Paleoarchean													3200
	Eoarchean													3600
Hadean														4000
																	4600