PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	Devonian Subages	Permian of the Salt Range	Ordovician of Australia	Silurian of North America			Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America	Carboniferous of North America
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
		Bartonian												Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Ypresian													Bumbanian			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Gashatan				56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian															66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic															100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian															125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Pliensbachian																184.2
		Sinemurian																192.9
		Hettangian																199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian																208.5
		Carnian																227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																247.2
		Induan																251.2
		Induan			Kathwai													251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Kathwai													251.902
																		252.4 *
					Chhidru													252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian			Chhidru													254.14
					Kalabagh													255 *
					Wargal													256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																259.51
		Wordian																264.28
																		265.3 *
					Amb													266.1 *
		Roadian			Amb													266.9
		Roadian																270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																273.01
		Artinskian																283.5
		Sakmarian																290.1
		Asselian															Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian															Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian															Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian															Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian															Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian															Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian															Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian															Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian															Chesterian	323.2
		Visean		330.9													Chesterian
				Meramecian		335.8 *
				Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian		Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
				Middle Famennian				365.3 *
				Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
				Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
				Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian			Givetian	382.7
				Middle Givetian				383.7 *
				Early Givetian				385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian			Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian			Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli			Cayugan				419.2
	Pridoli			Niagaran				422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Medinan				Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian							Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian		Bolindian								Pirgu	445.2
				Eastonian								Pirgu	449 *
												Vormsi	449.6 *
												Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
											Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
				Gisbornian								Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian										Keila	Idavere †	453
												Haljala		453.9
												Kukruse		456.4 *
												Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian								Uhaku		458.4
												Lasnamagi		458.9 *
												Aseri		460.4 *
											Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
												Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
												Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian		Yapeenian	467.3
				Castlemainian	468.5 *
				Castlemainian	Billingen							469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian								470
				Chewtonian								Latorp †		470.1 *
				Bendigonian										471.8 *
				Lancefieldian										473.5 *
					Hunneberg									473.7 *
		Tremadocian			Hunneberg									477.7
					Varangu									481.3 *
					Pakerort									482.2 *
				Warendian										482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
															Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian													Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian				494									Steptoean
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian								Albertian †	497
		Drumian				Marjumian									500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan									504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran									506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran								Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran									514
						Montezuman									514.8 *
						Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																		538.8