PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean	Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean				0.129
						Irvingtonian				0.21
								Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian								0.774
						Blancan				1.4
								Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian						Waipipian		3
		Zanclean						Waipipian		3.6
								Opoitian		3.7
						Hemphillian		Opoitian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian								7.246
						Clarendonian				9.4
							Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian								11.63
						Barstovian				12.5
								Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian		13.82
								Clifdenian		15.1
							Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian								15.98
						Hemingfordian				16.3
						Arikareean				18.5
								Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian						Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Waitakian		23.03
								Duntroonian		25.2
								Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian								27.82
						Whitneyan				29.5
						Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian				33.9
							Arnold	Runangan		34.6
								Kaiatan		36.7
						Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian								37.71
								Bortonian		39.1
						Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian								41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
								Heretaungan		45.7
						Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian								47.8
								Mangaorapan		48.9
						Wasatchian		Mangaorapan		50.5
						Wasatchian		Waipawan		52
						Clarkforkian		Waipawan		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian		Teurian		56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian				Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian				Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
						Mangaotanean	90.5
						Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan	93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
						Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic			Motuan	100.5
						Urutawan	103.3
					Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian				Korangan	113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian				125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Oteke		Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian			Oteke		Puaroan		149.2
					Kawhia		Ohauan		150
							Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Toarcian			Herangi		Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian					Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian					Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour		Otapirian		201.4
		Norian					Warepan		208.5
							Otamitan		217
							Oretian		221
		Carnian					Oretian		227
		Carnian			Gore		Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian					Etalian		238
		Anisian					Etalian		242
		Anisian					Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian		249
		Induan					Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan			DUrville		Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima		Flettian		259.51
		Wordian					Flettian		264.28
		Wordian					Barettian		266
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian					Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian					Mangapirian		283.5
							Telfordian		285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †		445.2
		Katian	Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian				453
						Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †	456.2 *
				Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
			Dobrotivian						458.5 *
			Oretanian						459.7 *
				Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †					467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian						468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian						477.7
										485.4