PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127682 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Silurian Ages of Europe	Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of China	Cambrian of Australia	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Cenozoic 6								0
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
				Chibanian													0.129
				Calabrian													0.774
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †					2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
				Serravallian					Cenozoic 5								11.63
				Langhian													13.82
				Burdigalian													15.98
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Cenozoic 4								23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian					Cenozoic 4								27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian					Cenozoic 3								33.9
				Bartonian					Cenozoic 3								37.71
				Lutetian					Cenozoic 2								41.2
				Ypresian					Cenozoic 2								47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Cenozoic 1								56
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian				Cretaceous 8						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian					Cretaceous 7						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian					Cretaceous 6						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian					Cretaceous 5						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic				Cretaceous 4						Late Albian		100.5
															Middle Albian		106.2 *
															Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian					Cretaceous 3						Late Aptian		113
				Aptian					Cretaceous 3						Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian					Cretaceous 2						Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian	Neocomian				Cretaceous 2						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian					Cretaceous 1						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian											Late Berriasian		139.8
															Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
															Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Jurassic 6						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian					Jurassic 6						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5						Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Bathonian					Jurassic 4						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
				Bajocian											Late Bajocian		168.2
				Bajocian											Early Bajocian		168.6 *
				Aalenian					Jurassic 3						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											Late Toarcian		174.7
															Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
															Early Toarcian		182.9 *
				Pliensbachian					Jurassic 2						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
				Sinemurian					Jurassic 1						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian					Jurassic 1						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4								201.4
				Norian											Sevatian		208.5
															Alaunian		213.2 *
															Lacian		216.7 *
				Carnian					Triassic 3						Tuvalian		227
				Carnian					Triassic 3						Julian		233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Triassic 2		Longobardian	237
			Ladinian			Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian			Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Triassic 1		Spathian	Vokhmian	247.2
			Olenekian			Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan			Dienerian		251.2
			Induan			Griesbachian		251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Meishanian			251.902
			Changhsingian			Baoqingian			253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian		Longtanian †	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian			Laibinian		Longtanian †	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Lengwuan			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian			Kuhfengian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3		Kuhfengian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		Luodianian				273.01
			Artinskian			Luodianian				283.5
			Artinskian			Longlinian				285.4 *
			Sakmarian			Longlinian				290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1		Zisongian				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Zisongian				298.9
			Gzhelian							300.1
			Kasimovian							303.7
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
			Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2						330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian		Whitwellian					429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						443.8
			Katian	Ordovician 5						445.2
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Datsonian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
										Payntonian		486.8 *
										Payntonian		Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian							Iverian		Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian							Iverian		Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian							Idamean		Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						Mindyallan	Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Guzhangian							Boomerangian				499
			Drumian							Undillan				500.5
			Drumian							Floran				503
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				Templetonian		Stage 5 †		Topazan		504.5
								Templetonian				Delamaran		506.5
								Ordian						507.8 *
		Series 2	Stage 4					Ordian					Waucoban †	509
														510.8 *
												Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3	Cambrian 2								Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †					Poundian †				538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †					Wonokan †				571.7 *
																	635