PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian of China	European Faunal Zones	Permian Subages of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian						MN 17		Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						MN 16		Late Pliocene	Yushean	2.58
		Piacenzian						MN 15		Late Pliocene		3.2
		Zanclean						MN 15		Early Pliocene		3.6
								MN 14				4.2
								MN 13			Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian						MN 13		Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian						MN 12				7.246
								MN 11				7.75
								MN 10				8.7
								MN 9				9.7
								MN 7 + 8			Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian						MN 7 + 8		Middle Miocene		11.63
		Serravallian						MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian						MN 5			Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian						MN 4		Early Miocene	Shanwangian	15.98
								MN 3			Xiejiaan	16.9
								MN 2				20
		Aquitanian						MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian						MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian								Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian								Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian								Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian									66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic									100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian									125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Meishanian		Buntsandstein			251.902
		Changhsingian					Baoqingian					253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan	Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian	Leine	264.28
		Roadian		Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian				300.1
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Batyrbaian	485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							489.5
							Aksaian		490.7 *
			Sakian				492.2 *
							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian			Albertian †	Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian						499.5
		Drumian					Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian					Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan	Topazan				Tuesaian	504.5
			Topazan					505.3
			Delamaran					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Waucoban †		509
							Toyonian	510 *
			Dyeran				Toyonian	511 *
							Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3						514
			Montezuman					514.8 *
			Montezuman				Atdabanian	515.6 *
			Begadean				Atdabanian	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian	521
		Stage 2						525.5
		Fortunian						529
												538.8