PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran						0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Chibanian						Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian						Castlecliffian						0.774
		Calabrian						Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan						1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian						2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian						2.58
		Piacenzian						Waipipian						3
		Zanclean						Waipipian						3.6
		Zanclean						Opoitian						3.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian						Tongaporutuan						7.246
		Tortonian					Southland	Waiauan						11.04
		Serravallian						Waiauan						11.63
		Serravallian						Lillburnian						13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian						13.82
								Clifdenian						15.1
							Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian						Altonian						15.98
		Burdigalian						Otaian						18.7
		Aquitanian						Otaian						20.44
		Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian						21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Waitakian						23.03
								Duntroonian						25.2
								Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
							Arnold	Runangan						34.6
								Kaiatan						36.7
		Bartonian						Kaiatan						37.71
		Bartonian						Bortonian						39.1
		Lutetian						Bortonian						41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
								Heretaungan						45.7
		Ypresian						Heretaungan						47.8
								Mangaorapan						48.9
								Waipawan						52
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian						56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian				Mata	Haumurian						66
		Campanian						Haumurian						72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan						83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan						86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
								Mangaotanean						90.5
								Arowhanan						93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan						93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian						95.2
								Motuan						99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic					Motuan						100.5
								Urutawan						103.3
							Taitai	Korangan						108.4
		Aptian						Korangan						113
		Aptian												117.5
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian											125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
					Planulata	179.3 *
					Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
					Kanense		181.3 *
					Carlottense		182.3 *
					Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian			Kunae		184.2
					Freboldi		185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian							192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras			196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian							Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian							Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian							Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian							Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian							Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian							Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian							Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian							Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian							Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian								300.1
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli									Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian						Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	430.5					Jaagarahu
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian	Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian						443.8
		Katian		Gamachian						445.2
				Richmondian						446 *
				Maysvillian						Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
				Edenian							450.4 *
			Mohawkian	Chatfieldian							451.1 *
		Sandbian		Chatfieldian							453
				Turinian							453.7 *
			Whiterockian							Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian		Rangerian								469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian							Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Tulean			473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tulean			477.7
				Stairsian	480.3 *
				Skullrockian	Demingian †	482 *
					Demingian †	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian						485.4
		Stage 10											487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
					Aksaian								490.7 *
					Sakian								492.2 *
		Paibian											494
		Paibian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian								497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian								500.5
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Amgan/Solvan								509
					Toyonian	Lenian †							510 *
					Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian								514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian								515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian								521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †			529
														538.8