PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Mesozoic Subages		Permian of North America		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ammonite Chrons of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Tarantian					0.0117
				Chibanian										Ionian					0.129
				Calabrian															0.774
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Serravallian															11.63
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian															15.98
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
				Bartonian															37.71
				Lutetian															41.2
				Ypresian															47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian															56
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
				Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic				Late Albian										100.5
									Middle Albian										106.2 *
									Early Albian										109.9 *
				Aptian					Late Aptian										113
				Aptian					Early Aptian										119.5 *
				Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian	Neocomian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian					Late Berriasian										139.8
									Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
									Early Berriasian										142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Oteke	Puaroan	145
				Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
									Late Kimmeridgian								Kawhia	Ohauan	150
									Early Kimmeridgian									Ohauan	152.2 *
									Early Kimmeridgian									Heterian	154.5
				Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
				Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
				Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									Temaikan	164.3
				Bathonian					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian					Late Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras				168.2
									Late Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				168.4
									Early Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				168.6 *
				Aalenian					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni				170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian						Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				174.7
															Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		Herangi	Ururoan	176
															Planulata				179.3 *
																Arnioceras arnouldi			179.8 *
									Middle Toarcian										180.4 *
															Kanense				181.3 *
															Carlottense				182.3 *
									Early Toarcian						Carlottense				182.9 *
									Early Toarcian						Kunae				183.5 *
				Pliensbachian					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						Kunae				184.2
															Freboldi				185.1 *
Whiteavesi/Imlayi						Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
Whiteavesi/Imlayi							Aratauran	188.9
								189.2 *
Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras						Canadensis		190.3 *
				Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
Pseudaetomoceras									Psiloceras		196.4 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites											196.5 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites				Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Balfour		Otapirian	201.4
			Norian	Sevatian							Warepan	208.5
				Alaunian								213.2 *
				Lacian								216.7 *
											Otamitan	217
											Oretian	221
			Carnian	Tuvalian							Oretian	227
				Tuvalian					Gore		Kaihikuan	227.5
				Julian								233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian								237
				Longobardian							Etalian	238
				Fassanian								239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian								242
	Pelsonian			243.8 *
	Bithynian			244.7 *
	Aegean			245.5 *
	Aegean			Malakovian							246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian								247.2
			Smithian								248.9 *
			Smithian	Nelsonian							249
		Induan	Dienerian								251.2
			Griesbachian								251.4 *
			Griesbachian	DUrville					Makarewan		251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Makarewan			251.902
			Changhsingian						Waiitian			253.2
			Wuchiapingian						Waiitian			254.14
			Wuchiapingian						Puruhauan			254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian					Aparima			Flettian	259.51
			Wordian	Wordian								Flettian	264.28
			Wordian	Wordian								Barettian	266
			Roadian	Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian								273.01
					Cathedralian							Mangapirian	276
					Hessian								281.9 *
			Artinskian										283.5
												Telfordian	285
				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian							Telfordian	286.1 *
													288.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian		Nealian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Kasimovian							303.7
			Moscovian							307
			Bashkirian							315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
			Visean							330.9
			Tournaisian							346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							Srbsko			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Chotec			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							Daleje/Zlichovian			393.3
			Pragian							Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian							Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
		Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian										Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian										Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian											430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian											433.4
			Aeronian											438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
			Tremadocian			477.7
			Tremadocian			Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian						485.4
			Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian								489.5
						Aksaian								490.7 *
						Sakian								492.2 *
			Paibian											494
			Paibian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian								497
			Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian								499.5
			Drumian			Mayan/Menevian								500.5
			Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan								504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			Amgan/Solvan								509
						Toyonian	Lenian †							510 *
						Botomian								512.5 *
			Stage 3			Botomian								514
			Stage 3			Atdabanian								515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian								521
Nemakit-Daldynian			Stage 2			525.5
Nemakit-Daldynian			Fortunian			Manykaian †	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian												Burzyan	1375
																			1400