PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian of England		South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Lujanian									0.0117
		Chibanian				Lujanian									0.129
						Ensenadan									0.3 *
													Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian											Castlecliffian		0.774
													Nukumaruan		1.63
						Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian													1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Vorohuean									2.58
						Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
													Waipipian		3
		Zanclean											Waipipian		3.6
						Montehermosan							Opoitian		3.7 *
						Huayquerian							Opoitian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
						Chasicoan									7.9 *
						Mayoan									9.9 *
						Laventan									10.9 *
												Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian											Waiauan		11.63
													Lillburnian		13.05
						Colloncuran									13.7 *
		Langhian													13.82
													Clifdenian		15.1
						Friasian							Clifdenian		15.4 *
												Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian													15.98
						Santacrucian									16.2 *
						Colhuehuapian									17.4 *
													Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian													20.44
						Deseadan									20.9 *
												Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Waitakian		23.03
													Duntroonian		25.2
													Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
		Rupelian				Tinguirirican									28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
												Arnold	Runangan		34.6
						Divisaderan							Runangan		35.9 *
													Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian											Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian											Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian													41.2
						Mustersan									41.9 *
												Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
													Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian													47.8
						Casamayoran									47.9 *
													Mangaorapan		48.9
													Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Riochican							Teurian		56
						Itaboraian									56.9 *
						Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
		Danian				Tiupampan									62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian		Lancian/Edmontonian	Mata		Haumurian	66
		Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan			Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara		Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
								Mangaotanean	90.5
								Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan	93.9
						Clarence		Ngaterian	95.2
								Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic					Motuan	100.5
								Urutawan	103.3
						Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian					Korangan	113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian					125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian						Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean						Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian						Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Srbsko		Givetian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Chotec		Couvinien	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Daleje/Zlichovian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Pragian						Pragian		Coblencien	Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian						Lochkovian		Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine				419.2
	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Bringewood/Elton				421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale				Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian			Buildwas			426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas			427.4
		Homerian		Wych	Woolhope			428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian	489.5
			Aksaian			490.7 *
			Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian	Sakian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian				499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian			500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian			503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian			504.5
		Wuliuan				505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4				509
			Toyonian			510 *
			Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian			514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian			521
															525.5