PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian of England		Ordovician of Britain				Cambrian of Australia	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Chibanian										Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian										Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Mangapanian	Villanyian	2.58
												Waipipian	Villanyian	3
													Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean										Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian	5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian												7.246
													Vallesian	8.7
											Southland	Waiauan	Vallesian	11.04
		Serravallian										Waiauan	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian										Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian		13.82
												Clifdenian		15.1
											Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian										Altonian	Orleanian	15.98
												Otaian	Orleanian	18.7
													Agenian	20
		Aquitanian												20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Waitakian		23.03
												Duntroonian		25.2
												Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
											Arnold	Runangan		34.6
												Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian										Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian										Bortonian		41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
												Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian										Heretaungan		47.8
												Mangaorapan		48.9
												Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Teurian		56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian								Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian										Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian										Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian									Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
												Mangaotanean		90.5
												Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian										Arowhanan		93.9
											Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
												Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic									Motuan		100.5
												Urutawan		103.3
											Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian										Korangan		113
		Aptian												117.5
		Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian					425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian			Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Telychian					436.3 *
		Aeronian					438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ashgill	Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan		445.2
								Cautleyan		448.9 *
								Cautleyan	Eastonian	449 *
								Pusgillian		449.3 *
							Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan			451.5 *
								Cheneyan	Gisbornian		452 *
								Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
			Actonian †	453.2 *
			Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †						454.2 *
			Longvillian †							455.2 *
			Longvillian †					Aurelucian		456.8 *
			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian					Aurelucian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Darriwilian	458.4
		Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Darriwilian	461.3 *
		Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Yapeenian	467.3
			Arenig				Fennian		Yapeenian	468.4 *
									Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Chewtonian	470
							Whitlandian		Chewtonian	471.1 *
									Bendigonian	471.8 *
									Lancefieldian	473.5 *
							Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc				Migneintian			477.7
							Cressagian			480.8 *
							Cressagian		Warendian	482.8 *
									Warendian	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Datsonian		485.4
		Stage 10							Payntonian		486.8 *
		Jiangshanian							Iverian		489.5
		Paibian							Idamean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Mindyallan		497
									Mindyallan		Arcadian	498.4
									Boomerangian			499
		Drumian							Undillan			500.5
		Drumian							Floran			503
		Wuliuan							Templetonian			504.5
		Wuliuan							Ordian			507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4							Ordian		Branchian	509
		Stage 4										510.8 *
		Stage 3										514
		Stage 3									Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
														538.8