PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian		Lancian/Edmontonian											66
		Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan											72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic													100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian													125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian														208.5
		Carnian														227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian														247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan														251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Melekhovian				Buntsandstein								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Buntsandstein								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Ohre/Aller								259.51
		Wordian						Leine								264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian				Leine								264.9 *
		Roadian														266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian														273.01
		Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian												276.8 *
		Artinskian		Pavlovoposadian												283.5
		Artinskian		Rusavkinian												287.6 *
		Sakmarian														290.1
		Asselian													Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian								Virgilian	298.9
		Gzhelian				Xiaodushanian									Virgilian	300 *
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian											Missourian	303.7
				Khamovnikian												304.8
				Krevyakinian		Dalaun										305.8 *
				Krevyakinian											Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian		Myachkovian			Middle Pennsylvanian									307
				Podolskian												308.9 *
				Kashirian												311.4 *
				Kashirian											Atokan	312.7 *
				Vereian												313.8
				Melekessian												314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian			Early Pennsylvanian									315.2
				Cheremshanian												316.9 *
															Morrowan	318.4 *
						Huashibanian										318.5 *
				Prikamian												318.6 *
				Severokeltmian												319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian		Lousuan										321.2 *
				Voznesenian		Lousuan										321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian		Dewunian	Late Mississippian								Chesterian	323.2
				Protvian												324.4 *
				Steshevian					326.8 *
				Tarusian					329 *
				Tarusian	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean		Venevian		Middle Mississippian	330.9
				Mikhailovian			331.9 *
				Aleksinian			333.7 *
				Aleksinian	Jiusian		335 *
				Tulian			Meramecian		335.8 *
				Bobrikian			Meramecian		339.9 *
				Bobrikian			Osagean		343.1 *
				Radaevkian					343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Kosvian	Tangbagouan	Early Mississippian			346.7
			Kizelian	350.7 *
			Cherepetian	Kinderhookian			351.9 *
			Karakubian				354.4 *
			Upinian				356.3 *
			Malevkian				357.6 *
			Gumerovian				358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian		393.3
		Pragian					Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Kosovian	443.8
		Katian							Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian						Berounian	449.7 *
		Sandbian							453
									Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
								Dobrotivian				458.5 *
								Oretanian				459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian							Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian						Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian										Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan										Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3										Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																538.8