PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	Permian of North America		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Salt Range	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran								0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Chibanian						Castlecliffian								0.34
		Calabrian						Castlecliffian								0.774
		Calabrian						Nukumaruan								1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan								1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian								2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian						Tertiary †		2.58
		Piacenzian						Waipipian								3
		Zanclean						Waipipian								3.6
		Zanclean						Opoitian								3.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean								5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian						Tongaporutuan								7.246
		Tortonian					Southland	Waiauan								11.04
		Serravallian						Waiauan								11.63
		Serravallian						Lillburnian								13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian								13.82
								Clifdenian								15.1
							Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian						Altonian								15.98
		Burdigalian						Otaian								18.7
		Aquitanian						Otaian								20.44
		Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian								21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Waitakian								23.03
								Duntroonian								25.2
								Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
							Arnold	Runangan								34.6
								Kaiatan								36.7
		Bartonian						Kaiatan								37.71
		Bartonian						Bortonian								39.1
		Lutetian						Bortonian								41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
								Heretaungan								45.7
		Ypresian						Heretaungan								47.8
								Mangaorapan								48.9
								Waipawan								52
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian								56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian				Mata	Haumurian								66
		Campanian						Haumurian								72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan								83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan								86.1
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
								Mangaotanean								90.5
								Arowhanan								93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan								93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian								95.2
								Motuan								99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic					Motuan								100.5
								Urutawan								103.3
							Taitai	Korangan								108.4
		Aptian						Korangan								113
		Aptian														117.5
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian													125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian			Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan	150
						Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Callovian				Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Toarcian			Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian				Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian				Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian				Warepan	208.5
						Otamitan	217
						Oretian	221
		Carnian				Oretian	227
		Carnian			Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian				Etalian	238
		Anisian				Etalian	242
		Anisian				Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian	249
		Induan				Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan			DUrville	Makarewan	Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Kathwai		251.902
									252.4 *
							Chhidru		252.9 *
						Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian			Longtanian †	254.14
						Puruhauan				254.2
							Kalabagh			255 *
							Wargal			256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Capitanian	Aparima			Flettian		259.51
		Wordian			Wordian						264.28
											265.3 *
									Barettian		266
							Amb				266.1 *
		Roadian			Roadian		Amb				266.9
		Roadian			Roadian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian						Cathedralian	273.01
									Mangapirian		Cathedralian	276
											Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian										283.5
									Telfordian			285
					Wolfcampian				Telfordian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
												288.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian									Nealian	Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										Late Pennsylvanian	Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian											Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian											Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian										Middle Pennsylvanian	Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian										Middle Pennsylvanian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian				315.2	Atokan
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian				Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian				Chesterian	323.2
		Visean						Middle Mississippian				Chesterian	330.9
												Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	Early Mississippian				346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	Early Mississippian				351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian				393.3
		Pragian						Siegen				407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
		Katian										445.2
		Sandbian										453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian										477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10											Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian											Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian											Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										St Davids		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Caerfai					509
	Series 2	Stage 3													514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																538.8