PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	Permian Subages of Germany	Ten Million Year Bins	Carboniferous of China	Silurian Ages of Europe	Devonian of Eastern North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Cenozoic 6							0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian										0.129
		Calabrian										0.774
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Serravallian			Cenozoic 5							11.63
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Cenozoic 4					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Bartonian			Cenozoic 3					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Lutetian			Cenozoic 2							41.2
		Ypresian			Cenozoic 2						Bumbanian	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cenozoic 1					Gashatan		56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian		Cretaceous 8							66
		Campanian			Cretaceous 7							72.1
		Santonian			Cretaceous 6							83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic		Cretaceous 4							100.5
		Aptian			Cretaceous 3							113
		Barremian			Cretaceous 2							121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian		Cretaceous 2							125.77
		Valanginian			Cretaceous 1							132.6
		Berriasian			Cretaceous 1							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Jurassic 6							145
		Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5							149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian			Jurassic 4							165.3
		Bajocian			Jurassic 4							168.2
		Aalenian			Jurassic 3							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Jurassic 3							174.7
		Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2							184.2
		Sinemurian			Jurassic 1							192.9
		Hettangian			Jurassic 1							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4							201.4
		Norian			Triassic 4							208.5
		Carnian			Triassic 3							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Triassic 2							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			Triassic 2							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Triassic 1							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			Triassic 1							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Buntsandstein	Permian 4							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Buntsandstein								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Ohre/Aller								259.51
		Wordian		Leine								264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2							273.01
		Artinskian										283.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5							298.9
		Gzhelian				Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian				Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian					315.2
						Huashibanian	318.5 *
						Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean			Carboniferous 2	Shangsian	330.9
		Visean			Carboniferous 2	Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4		West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3		Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian							Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5					443.8
		Katian			Ordovician 5					445.2
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			Ordovician 2					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ordovician 2					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Ordovician 1					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Cambrian 5					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10	Sunwaptan								487.5
		Jiangshanian	Sunwaptan								489.5
		Jiangshanian	Steptoean								493 *
		Paibian	Steptoean								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Marjumian					Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4		Marjumian						500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran					Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2		Dyeran						514
					Montezuman						514.8 *
					Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
												538.8