PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Germany	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian								Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian								Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian								Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian								Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian								Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †				Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian								Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean								Chapadmalalan				3.6
										Montehermosan				3.7 *
										Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
										Chasicoan				7.9 *
										Mayoan				9.9 *
										Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian								Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian								Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian								Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian								Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian								Friasian				15.98
										Santacrucian				16.2 *
										Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian								Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian								Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
		Rupelian								Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian								Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian								Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Lutetian								Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian								Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian								Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Riochican				56
										Itaboraian				56.9 *
										Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
		Danian								Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic	Late Albian										100.5
				Middle Albian										106.2 *
				Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian										113
		Aptian		Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian										139.8
				Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
				Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Late Kimmeridgian								Kawhia	Ohauan	150
				Early Kimmeridgian									Ohauan	152.2 *
				Early Kimmeridgian									Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian				174.7
				Late Toarcian			Herangi	Ururoan	176
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Sevatian				Warepan	208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
								Otamitan	217
								Oretian	221
		Carnian		Tuvalian				Oretian	227
				Tuvalian			Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
				Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian					237
				Longobardian				Etalian	238
				Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
				Aegean				Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian					247.2
				Smithian					248.9 *
				Smithian				Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Dienerian					251.2
				Griesbachian					251.4 *
				Griesbachian			DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian						Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †		Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †		Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian						Flettian	264.28
		Wordian						Barettian	266
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian						Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian						Mangapirian	283.5
								Telfordian	285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian	Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †				497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †			504.5
														509