PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Sheridanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian					Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian					Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian					Senecan/Rexroadian			Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian	16.3
							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
								Monroecreekian			23.1 *
								Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian						Geringian			27.82
										Whitneyan	29.5
										Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian								Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian								Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	47.8
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian	50.5
									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian							To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian							To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic	Late Albian							100.5
				Middle Albian							106.2 *
				Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian							113
		Aptian		Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian							139.8
				Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
				Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian		227
		Carnian		Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian					305.9
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ungurian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian		485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian		489.5
			Aksaian		490.7 *
			Sakian		492.2 *
		Paibian	Sakian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian		497
		Guzhangian			499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian		504.5
		Wuliuan			505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4			509
			Toyonian		510 *
			Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian		514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian		521
											525.5