PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran									0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Chibanian						Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian						Castlecliffian									0.774
		Calabrian						Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian									2.58
		Piacenzian						Waipipian									3
		Zanclean						Waipipian									3.6
		Zanclean						Opoitian									3.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian						Tongaporutuan									7.246
		Tortonian					Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian						Waiauan									11.63
		Serravallian						Lillburnian									13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian									13.82
								Clifdenian									15.1
							Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian						Altonian									15.98
		Burdigalian						Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian						Otaian									20.44
		Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Waitakian									23.03
								Duntroonian									25.2
								Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
							Arnold	Runangan									34.6
								Kaiatan									36.7
		Bartonian						Kaiatan									37.71
		Bartonian						Bortonian									39.1
		Lutetian						Bortonian									41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
								Heretaungan									45.7
		Ypresian						Heretaungan									47.8
								Mangaorapan									48.9
								Waipawan									52
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian									56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian				Mata	Haumurian									66
		Campanian						Haumurian									72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan									83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan									86.1
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
								Mangaotanean									90.5
								Arowhanan									93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan									93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian									95.2
								Motuan									99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic					Motuan									100.5
								Urutawan									103.3
							Taitai	Korangan									108.4
		Aptian						Korangan									113
		Aptian															117.5
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian														125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
					Planulata	179.3 *
					Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
					Kanense		181.3 *
					Carlottense		182.3 *
					Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian			Kunae		184.2
					Freboldi		185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian							192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras			196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian							Leine	264.28
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Late Pennsylvanian	Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian									Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian									Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian								Middle Pennsylvanian	Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian								Middle Pennsylvanian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian								Early Pennsylvanian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian								Early Pennsylvanian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Late Mississippian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean								Middle Mississippian	Chesterian	330.9
											Meramecian	335.8 *
											Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian								Early Mississippian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian								Early Mississippian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian										Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian										Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian										Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian										Emsian	393.3
		Pragian										Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian										Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †								445.2
		Katian	Berounian									449.7 *
		Sandbian										453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
				Liben †										458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
			Dobrotivian											458.5 *
			Oretanian											459.7 *
				Sarka †										461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †										467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian											468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian											470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian											477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10													Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian													Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					494								Steptoean
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian							Albertian †	497
		Drumian			500.5		Marjumian
		Wuliuan			Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran		514
					Montezuman		514.8 *
					Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
																	538.8