PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian Epochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian																Ionian	0.129
		Calabrian																	0.774
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †						2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Serravallian																	11.63
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																	33.9
		Bartonian																	37.71
		Lutetian																	41.2
		Ypresian																	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																	56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian																66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic																100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian																125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras															168.2
		Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense															168.4
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta															174.7
				Planulata															179.3 *
				Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi													179.8 *
				Kanense															181.3 *
				Carlottense															182.3 *
				Kunae															183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae															184.2
				Freboldi															185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras														186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras														189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis														190.3 *
		Sinemurian																	192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras													196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites															196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
		Norian																	208.5
		Carnian																	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian						Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Kosovian	443.8
		Katian									Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian	Berounian								449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †	456.2 *
											Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
			Dobrotivian											458.5 *
			Oretanian											459.7 *
											Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian									Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian											468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian											470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian											477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Late Cambrian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10														Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian														Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian														Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian														Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian														Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †									Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †									Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Early Cambrian										Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4														Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3		514												Dyeran
				Montezuman		514.8 *
				Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
																			538.8