PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of Western Europe		European Faunal Units	Devonian of France	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene		0.0117
				Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene		0.129
				Calabrian									Early Pleistocene		0.774
				Gelasian									Early Pleistocene		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Villanyian		Late Pliocene		2.58
				Piacenzian							Ruscinian		Late Pliocene		3.1 *
				Zanclean							Ruscinian		Early Pliocene		3.6
			Miocene	Messinian							Turolian		Late Miocene		5.333
				Tortonian							Turolian				7.246
				Tortonian							Vallesian				8.7
				Serravallian							Astaracian		Middle Miocene		11.63
				Langhian							Astaracian		Middle Miocene		13.82
				Burdigalian							Orleanian		Early Miocene		15.98
				Burdigalian							Agenian				20
				Aquitanian							Agenian				20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian									Early Oligocene		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian									Late Eocene		33.9
				Bartonian									Middle Eocene		37.71
				Lutetian									Middle Eocene		41.2
				Ypresian									Early Eocene		47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian									Late Paleocene		56
				Selandian									Middle Paleocene		59.2
				Danian									Early Paleocene		61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian										66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic										100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian	Neocomian										125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras									168.2
				Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense									168.4
				Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta									174.7
						Planulata									179.3 *
						Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi							179.8 *
						Kanense									181.3 *
						Carlottense									182.3 *
						Kunae									183.5 *
				Pliensbachian		Kunae									184.2
						Freboldi									185.1 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras								186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras								189.2 *
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis								190.3 *
				Sinemurian											192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras							196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites									196.5 *
				Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites									199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
				Norian											208.5
				Carnian											227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
			Asselian	Kuzel					297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel					298.9
				Stephanian					Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian						Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian					Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian					Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean	Warnantian					Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian					Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian					Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian	Ivorian						346.7
			Tournaisian	Hastarian	353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian					Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Couvinien					Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							Emsian	393.3
			Pragian							Siegen	407.6
			Pragian		Coblencien					Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian		Gedinnine					Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian								Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
			Rhuddanian									440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
			Katian									445.2
			Sandbian									453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
			Tremadocian			477.7
			Tremadocian			Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian				485.4
			Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian						489.5
						Aksaian						490.7 *
						Sakian						492.2 *
Paibian			494
Paibian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian					494.7 *
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian					497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan					504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan					509
			Toyonian			Lenian †		510 *
			Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian					514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian					515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Tommotian					521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian			Manykaian †		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan	1375
															1400