PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of Australia	Ordovician of China			Mammal Paleogene Zones		Permian of the Pamirs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Nihewanian								0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene												0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene												0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	Tertiary †			Yushean								2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene				Yushean								3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene				Baodean								4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene												5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian					Tunggurian								11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene				Tunggurian								11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene				Shanwangian								13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene				Shanwangian								15.98
		Burdigalian					Xiejiaan								16.9
		Aquitanian					Xiejiaan								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene									MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene									MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene									MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene									MP 16			37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene									MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene									MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene									MP 6	MP 1 - 5		56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene												59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †									Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian												Midian	259.51
		Wordian												Midian	264.28
		Wordian												Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian												Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian												Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian												Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian												Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian												Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian				Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian	Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou			Wufeng †		443.8
		Katian	Chientangkiangian				Wufeng †		445.2
		Katian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						449.5
		Sandbian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo					458.4
		Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †			Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian						470
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian						477.7
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian				Lianghekou †		477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Datsonian							485.4
		Stage 10	Payntonian							486.8 *
		Jiangshanian	Iverian							489.5
		Paibian	Idamean							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †							Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian								Boomerangian	499
		Drumian								Undillan	500.5
		Drumian								Floran	503
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †					Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †					Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4								Ordian	509
															510.8 *