PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Central Paratethys Stages	Permian of the Russian Platform		Ordovician of Australia	Mesozoic Subages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene											0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene										Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene										Castlecliffian	0.774
		Calabrian											Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	Tertiary †									Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene										Waipipian	3
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene										Waipipian	3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene										Opoitian	3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene									Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian					Pannonian						Tongaporutuan	7.246
		Tortonian					Pannonian					Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene				Sarmatian							11.63
							Badenian							12.8 *
							Badenian						Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian	13.82
													Clifdenian	15.1
												Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene										Altonian	15.98
		Burdigalian											Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene										Waitakian	23.03
													Duntroonian	25.2
													Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene											33.9
												Arnold	Runangan	34.6
													Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene										Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian											Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian											Bortonian	41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
													Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian	Early Eocene										Heretaungan	47.8
													Mangaorapan	48.9
													Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene										Teurian	56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene											59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
													Mangaotanean	90.5
													Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Arowhanan	93.9
												Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
													Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian		Motuan	100.5
											Late Albian		Urutawan	103.3
											Middle Albian		Urutawan	106.2 *
											Middle Albian	Taitai	Korangan	108.4
											Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian									Late Aptian			113
											Late Aptian			117.5
					Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian	139.8
					Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
					Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian				174.7
					Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
					Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian			Sevatian		208.5
					Alaunian		213.2 *
					Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian		227
		Carnian			Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian		237
		Ladinian			Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian		251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
		Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †		254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian								Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian							Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian	Sokian	270.7 *					Kazanian
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian					273.01
				Filipovian					276.5 *
				Saraninian					280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian					283.5
				Irginian					285.9 *
				Burtsevian					287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian					290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian					291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian					293.52
				Uskalykian					294.8
				Surenian					297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Emsian	393.3
		Pragian							Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Bolindian			443.8
		Katian				Bolindian			445.2
						Eastonian			449 *
						Gisbornian			452 *
		Sandbian				Gisbornian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian			458.4
		Dapingian				Yapeenian			467.3
		Dapingian				Castlemainian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Chewtonian			470
						Bendigonian			471.8 *
						Lancefieldian			473.5 *
		Tremadocian				Lancefieldian			477.7
		Tremadocian				Warendian			482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Series 3 †	497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †			504.5
														509