PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene									0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene									0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	Tertiary †								2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene									3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian	Late Miocene									7.246
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene									11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene									13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene									15.98
		Aquitanian	Early Miocene									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene									33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene									37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene									41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene									56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene									59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Vokhmian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								Vokhmian		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian								Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian								Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
		Artinskian										283.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian										293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian									Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian										305.9
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian	Berounian	449.7 *
		Sandbian		453
				Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †		456.2 *
				Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
			Dobrotivian					458.5 *
			Oretanian					459.7 *
				Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †	497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †				504.5
												509