PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene													0.129
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene													0.774
				Gelasian	Early Pleistocene													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	Tertiary †												2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene													3.6
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene													5.333
				Tortonian	Late Miocene													7.246
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene													11.63
				Langhian	Middle Miocene													13.82
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene													15.98
				Aquitanian	Early Miocene													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene										Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene										Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene										Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene										Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
				Lutetian	Middle Eocene													41.2
				Ypresian	Early Eocene											Bumbanian		47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene										Gashatan			56
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene													59.2
				Danian	Early Paleocene													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian									66
				Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan									72.1
				Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
				Aptian														113
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian														139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
				Kimmeridgian														149.2
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
				Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian														168.2
				Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
				Pliensbachian														184.2
				Sinemurian														192.9
				Hettangian														199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
				Norian														208.5
				Carnian														227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian														247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan														251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †											254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian														259.51
				Wordian														264.28
				Roadian														266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian														273.01
				Artinskian														283.5
				Sakmarian														290.1
				Asselian													Bursumian †	293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian													Virgilian	298.9
				Kasimovian													Missourian	303.7
				Kasimovian													Desmoinesian	305.9 *
				Moscovian													Desmoinesian	307
Atokan				Moscovian				312.7 *
Atokan				Bashkirian				315.2
Morrowan				Bashkirian				318.4 *
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	Chesterian				323.2
			Visean	Chesterian				330.9
				Meramecian				335.8 *
				Osagean				343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Osagean				346.7
			Tournaisian	Kinderhookian				351.9 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian		393.3
			Pragian					Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian		Pridoli						Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli						Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian					Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian					Paadla			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
			Telychian		Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju		Porkuni	443.8
			Katian					Pirgu	445.2
								Vormsi	449.6 *
								Nabala	Johvi †		450 *
						Viru		Rakvere			450.6 *
								Oandu			452 *
			Sandbian					Keila	Idavere †		453
								Haljala			453.9
								Kukruse			456.4 *
								Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku			458.4
								Lasnamagi			458.9 *
								Aseri			460.4 *
						Oeland		Kunda			462.9 *
								Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
								Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian					Volkhov				467.3
			Dapingian					Billingen				469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian									470
									Latorp †			470.1 *
	Hunneberg							473.7 *
	Hunneberg		Tremadocian					477.7
	Varangu						481.3 *
	Pakerort						482.2 *
Cambrian	Pakerort	Furongian	Stage 10					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
									486.3 *
									486.5
									Sunwaptan			487.5
			Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan			489.5
			Jiangshanian						Steptoean			493 *
			Paibian						Steptoean			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Series 3 †	Marjumian			Albertian †	497
			Drumian						Marjumian				500.5
			Wuliuan						Stage 5 †				Topazan	504.5
			Wuliuan						Stage 5 †				Delamaran	506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4									Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
			Stage 4										Dyeran	511 *
			Stage 3										Dyeran	514
													Montezuman	514.8 *
													Begadean	519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
Proterozoic		Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic		Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																		635