PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Precambrian of Russia	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian					0.0117
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Sheridanian					0.129
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan					0.774
				Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
				Gelasian							1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene						2.58
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene						3.6
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene						5.333
				Tortonian							7.246
				Tortonian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					11.63
				Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
				Langhian							13.82
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene						15.98
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
				Aquitanian							20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene						23.03
							Monroecreekian				23.1 *
							Geringian				24.7 *
				Rupelian	Early Oligocene		Geringian				27.82
				Rupelian	Early Oligocene						29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
				Priabonian	Late Eocene						37
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene						37.71
				Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
				Lutetian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
				Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
				Ypresian	Early Eocene	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					47.8
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
				Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene			To3/To2/To1			60.9
				Danian	Early Paleocene			To3/To2/To1			61.6
				Danian	Early Paleocene			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
				Campanian							72.1
				Santonian							83.6
				Coniacian							86.3
				Turonian							89.8
				Cenomanian							93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
				Aptian							113
				Barremian							121.4
				Hauterivian							125.77
				Valanginian							132.6
				Berriasian							139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
				Kimmeridgian							149.2
				Oxfordian							154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
				Bathonian							165.3
				Bajocian							168.2
				Aalenian							170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
				Pliensbachian							184.2
				Sinemurian							192.9
				Hettangian							199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
				Norian							208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
			Kasimovian	303.7
			Moscovian	307
			Bashkirian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
		Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian		443.8
			Katian	Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian	Berounian			449.7 *
			Sandbian		453
					Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
				Dobrotivian				458.5 *
				Oretanian				459.7 *
					Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian		Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian	Arenigian				468
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
			Jiangshanian					489.5
			Paibian					494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					497
			Drumian					500.5
			Wuliuan					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					509
		Series 2	Stage 3					514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian								635
		Tonian								720
		Tonian							Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							Karatau	1000
		Stenian							Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian							Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian							Burzyan	1375
											1400