PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian of North America		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of the Pamirs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian												0.0117
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Sheridanian												0.129
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan												0.21
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan												0.774
				Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian												1.4
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene													2.58
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene													3.6
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian												4.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene													5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
				Tortonian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian												9.4
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian												11.63
				Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian												12.5
				Langhian														13.82
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene													15.98
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian												16.3
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian											18.5
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene													23.03
							Monroecreekian											23.1 *
							Geringian											24.7 *
				Rupelian	Early Oligocene		Geringian											27.82
				Rupelian	Early Oligocene													29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian												33.9
				Priabonian	Late Eocene													37
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene													37.71
				Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan												39.7
				Lutetian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan												41.2
				Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												46.2
				Ypresian	Early Eocene	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												47.8
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean												50.5
								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1										54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1										56
				Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1										56.2
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1										59.2
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene			To3/To2/To1										60.9
				Danian	Early Paleocene			To3/To2/To1										61.6
				Danian	Early Paleocene			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1										63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
				Campanian														72.1
				Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
				Aptian														113
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian														139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
				Kimmeridgian														149.2
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
				Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian														168.2
				Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
				Pliensbachian														184.2
				Sinemurian														192.9
				Hettangian														199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
				Norian														208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian					251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian					254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian					Midian	259.51
			Wordian	Wordian					Midian	264.28
			Wordian	Wordian					Murgabian	266.2 *
			Roadian	Roadian					Murgabian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian					Cathedralian	Kubergandian	273.01
									Cathedralian	Bolorian	279.8
									Hessian		281.9 *
			Artinskian								283.5
										Yakhtashian	286
				Wolfcampian					Lenoxian	Yakhtashian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian						Lenoxian	Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian						Nealian	Asselian	Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian								Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian								Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian								Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian				Atokan				312.7 *
			Bashkirian				Atokan				315.2
			Bashkirian				Morrowan				318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian				323.2
			Visean				Chesterian				330.9
							Meramecian				335.8 *
							Osagean				343.1 *
			Tournaisian				Osagean				346.7
			Tournaisian				Kinderhookian				351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				Siegen				407.6
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian	443.8
			Katian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †			445.2
			Katian				Berounian				449.7 *
			Sandbian								453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †					458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
							Dobrotivian						458.5 *
							Oretanian						459.7 *
								Sarka †					461.7 *
			Dapingian					Klabava †					467.3
			Dapingian				Arenigian						468
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Tremadocian						477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
			Jiangshanian										489.5
			Paibian										494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian										497
			Drumian										500.5
			Wuliuan										504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4										509
		Series 2	Stage 3										514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Poundian †	Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran												Vendian †	Wonokan †	Vendian	571.7 *
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian															720
		Tonian														Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian														Karatau	1000
		Stenian														Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian														Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian														Burzyan	1375
																		1400