PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126764 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Central Paratethys Stages	Carboniferous of Western Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean					0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian					0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian					0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan					1.4
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene		Yushean				2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene						3.6
				Hemphillian					4.7
					Baodean				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian				Pannonian			7.246
				Clarendonian					9.4
					Tunggurian				11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene			Sarmatian			11.63
				Barstovian		Sarmatian			12.5
						Badenian			12.8 *
		Langhian			Shanwangian				13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene						15.98
				Hemingfordian					16.3
				Hemingfordian	Xiejiaan				16.9
				Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene						27.82
				Whitneyan					29.5
				Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene	Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene	Duchesnean					37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene	Bridgerian					47.8
				Wasatchian					50.5
				Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian					56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Tiffanian					56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian					59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene	Torrejonian					61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene	Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
		Asselian				Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Kuzel	298.9
						Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian			Cantabrian		305 *
		Moscovian			Cantabrian		307
					Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian				Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian	353.7 *
									358.9