PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of the Russian Platform		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of Britain		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Permian of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Tarantian		0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene											Ionian		0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene													0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene					Tertiary †								2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene													5.333
		Tortonian	Late Miocene													7.246
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene													11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene													13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene													15.98
		Aquitanian	Early Miocene													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian												33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan												37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene													41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene		Bumbanian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Gashatan												56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene													59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian														208.5
		Carnian														227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian														247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan														251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian													Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †						Laoshanian	254.14
						Tatarian	Vyatkian								Laoshanian	256.8 *
							Vyatkian								Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Severodvinian								Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian					Urzhumian								Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian				Kazanian	Povolzhian									266.9
		Roadian				Kazanian	Sokian									270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian								Luodianian	273.01
							Filipovian									276.5 *
							Saraninian									280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian									283.5
							Sarginian			Longlinian	285.4 *
							Irginian				285.9 *
							Burtsevian				287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian				290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Tastubian				291.7 *
		Asselian				Asselian	Shikhanian			Zisongian	293.52
							Uskalykian				294.8
							Surenian				297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Gzhelian									300.1
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
		Visean									330.9
		Tournaisian									346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan			445.2
					Cautleyan			448.9 *
					Pusgillian			449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †			449.6 *
					Cheneyan						451.5 *
					Burrellian						452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
								Actonian †			453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †				455.2 *
					Aurelucian			Longvillian †				456.8 *
					Aurelucian			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn							458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian							468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian							470
					Whitlandian							471.1 *
					Moridunian							474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian							477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian							480.8 *
												485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Series 3 †			497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †	504.5
																509