PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Germany
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian			Lujanian			0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Sheridanian						0.129
					Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
								Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene								0.774
					Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
								Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene					Vorohuean			2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene					Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene					Chapadmalalan			3.6
								Montehermosan			3.7 *
					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Montehermosan			4.7
								Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian		Pannonian							7.246
								Chasicoan			7.9 *
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Chasicoan			9.4
								Mayoan			9.9 *
								Laventan			10.9 *
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene	Sarmatian							11.63
				Sarmatian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
				Badenian							12.8 *
				Badenian				Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian						Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian						Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene					Friasian			15.98
								Santacrucian			16.2 *
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Santacrucian			16.3
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
		Aquitanian						Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene								23.03
						Monroecreekian					23.1 *
						Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene								27.82
								Tinguirirican			28.9 *
											29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Divisaderan			35.9 *
											37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene								37.71
		Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian									41.2
								Mustersan			41.9 *
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene								47.8
								Casamayoran			47.9 *
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican			56
							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican			56.2
								Itaboraian			56.9 *
								Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene				To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene								61.6
								Tiupampan			62.4 *
							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Tiupampan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine		410.8
											419.2