PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of Australia	Ordovician of China			Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian						0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Ionian						0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene							0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene							2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene							3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian	Late Miocene							7.246
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene							11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene							13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene							15.98
		Aquitanian	Early Miocene							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene							33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene							37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene							41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene							56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian		Bolindian	Chientangkiangian			445.2
				Eastonian	Chientangkiangian			449 *
			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang	Eastonian			449.5
				Gisbornian			452 *
		Sandbian		Gisbornian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo	458.4
		Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Yapeenian	Dapingian			467.3
		Dapingian	Castlemainian	Dapingian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian	Yiyangian			470
			Bendigonian				471.8 *
			Lancefieldian				473.5 *
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian			477.7
						Lianghekou †	477.9 *
			Warendian			Lianghekou †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian					Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan					Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4					Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran		514
							Montezuman		514.8 *
							Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
										538.8