PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian of North America		Permian of Western Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							0.0117
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene							0.129
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene							0.774
				Gelasian	Early Pleistocene							1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene							2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene							3.6
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene							5.333
				Tortonian	Late Miocene							7.246
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene							11.63
				Langhian	Middle Miocene							13.82
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene							15.98
				Aquitanian	Early Miocene							20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25					23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25					27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A						33.9
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene	MP 16						37.71
				Lutetian	Middle Eocene	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11						41.2
				Ypresian	Early Eocene	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7						47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene	MP 6	MP 1 - 5					56
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene							59.2
				Danian	Early Paleocene							61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
				Campanian								72.1
				Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
				Aptian								113
				Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian								125.77
				Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
				Kimmeridgian								149.2
				Oxfordian								154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
				Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian								168.2
				Aalenian								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
				Pliensbachian								184.2
				Sinemurian								192.9
				Hettangian								199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
				Norian								208.5
				Carnian								227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Zechstein	254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian							Rotliegendes	259.51
				Wordian								264.28
				Roadian								266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
				Artinskian							Autunian	283.5
				Sakmarian								290.1
				Asselian				Bursumian †				293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian				298.9
				Kasimovian				Missourian				303.7
				Kasimovian				Desmoinesian				305.9 *
				Moscovian				Desmoinesian				307
Atokan				Moscovian				312.7 *
Atokan				Bashkirian				315.2
Morrowan				Bashkirian				318.4 *
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	Chesterian				323.2
			Visean	Chesterian				330.9
				Meramecian				335.8 *
				Osagean				343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Osagean				346.7
			Tournaisian	Kinderhookian				351.9 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian		Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian			Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
			Telychian		Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10				Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian				Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian				Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian			Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan			Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan			Delamaran		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4			Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3			Dyeran		514
						Montezuman		514.8 *
	Begadean					519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian								635
		Tonian								720
		Tonian							Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							Karatau	1000
		Stenian							Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian							Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian							Burzyan	1375
												1400