PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126764 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	Devonian Subages	Permian of the Russian Platform
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene	MN 17				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	MN 16				2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene	MN 15				3.6
				MN 14				4.2
				MN 13				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene	MN 13				5.333
		Tortonian		MN 12				7.246
				MN 11				7.75
				MN 10				8.7
				MN 9				9.7
				MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene	MN 7 + 8				11.63
		Serravallian		MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian		MN 5				13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene	MN 4				15.98
				MN 3				16.9
				MN 2				20
		Aquitanian		MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian		MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene					33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene					41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene					56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian						72.1
		Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						100.5
		Aptian						113
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Wuchiapingian						254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
						Filipovian	276.5 *
						Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
						Irginian	285.9 *
						Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
						Uskalykian	294.8
						Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian			358.9
				Middle Famennian			365.3 *
				Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian			372.2
				Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
				Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian			382.7
				Middle Givetian			383.7 *
				Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian	410.8
			Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
								419.2