PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	Precambrian of Russia	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Pamirs	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Nihewanian		0.0117
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene										0.129
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene										0.774
				Gelasian	Early Pleistocene	MN 17									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	MN 16							Yushean	Tertiary †	2.58
				Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	MN 15									3.2
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene	MN 15									3.6
						MN 14									4.2
						MN 13							Baodean		4.9
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene	MN 13									5.333
				Tortonian		MN 12									7.246
						MN 11									7.75
						MN 10									8.7
						MN 9									9.7
						MN 7 + 8							Tunggurian		11.1
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene	MN 7 + 8									11.63
				Serravallian		MN 6									12.8 *
				Langhian		MN 5							Shanwangian		13.82
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene	MN 4							Shanwangian		15.98
						MN 3							Xiejiaan		16.9
						MN 2									20
				Aquitanian		MN 2									20.44
				Aquitanian		MN 1									22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene										23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene										27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene										33.9
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene										37.71
				Lutetian	Middle Eocene										41.2
				Ypresian	Early Eocene										47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene										56
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene										59.2
				Danian	Early Paleocene										61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan						145
				Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan						149.2
								Kawhia	Ohauan						150
									Heterian						154.5
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Callovian					Temaikan						164.3
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
				Toarcian				Herangi	Ururoan						176
				Pliensbachian					Ururoan						184.2
				Pliensbachian					Aratauran						188.9
				Sinemurian											192.9
				Hettangian											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian						201.4
				Norian					Warepan						208.5
									Otamitan						217
									Oretian						221
Carnian				227					Oretian
Carnian				Gore			Kaihikuan	227.5
Middle Triassic			Ladinian				Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian				Etalian	238
			Anisian				Etalian	242
			Anisian				Malakovian	246
Early Triassic			Olenekian				Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian				Nelsonian	249
			Induan				Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan	DUrville			Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	Dorashamian	251.902
			Changhsingian				Waiitian	Dorashamian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
			Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima			Flettian	Midian		259.51
			Wordian				Flettian			264.28
							Barettian			266
								Murgabian		266.2 *
			Roadian					Murgabian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kubergandian		273.01
							Mangapirian	Kubergandian		276
								Bolorian		279.8
			Artinskian							283.5
						Telfordian	285
						Telfordian	Yakhtashian	286
							Yakhtashian	288.5
			Sakmarian				Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian				Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
			Visean		330.9
			Tournaisian		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli			Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian		Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian		Paadla			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula			427.4
			Homerian		Jaagarahu			429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu			430.5
			Sheinwoodian		Jaani			431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani			433.4
			Telychian		Adavere			434 *
			Aeronian		Adavere			438.5
			Aeronian		Raikkula			439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula			440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru			441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
			Katian					445.2
			Sandbian					453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
			Jiangshanian					489.5
			Paibian					494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Series 3 †		497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan						Stage 5 †	504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							509
		Series 2	Stage 3							514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
		Ediacaran									Vendian	Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian									Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau			1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan			1375
															1400