PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of the Pamirs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian		Tarantian					0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Lujanian		Ionian					0.129
					Ensenadan							0.3 *
											Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene								Castlecliffian	0.774
											Nukumaruan	1.63
					Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian										1.8
		Gelasian									Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	Villanyian	Vorohuean							2.58
					Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
											Waipipian	3
				Ruscinian								3.1 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene									3.6
					Montehermosan						Opoitian	3.7 *
					Huayquerian						Opoitian	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene	Turolian						Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian									Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian										7.246
					Chasicoan							7.9 *
				Vallesian	Chasicoan							8.7
					Mayoan							9.9 *
					Laventan							10.9 *
										Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene	Astaracian							Waiauan	11.63
											Lillburnian	13.05
					Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian										13.82
											Clifdenian	15.1
					Friasian						Clifdenian	15.4 *
										Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene	Orleanian								15.98
					Santacrucian							16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
											Otaian	18.7
				Agenian								20
		Aquitanian										20.44
					Deseadan							20.9 *
										Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene								Waitakian	23.03
											Duntroonian	25.2
											Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene									27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene		Tinguirirican							28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene									33.9
										Arnold	Runangan	34.6
					Divisaderan						Runangan	35.9 *
											Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene								Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian									Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian										41.2
					Mustersan							41.9 *
										Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
											Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian	Early Eocene									47.8
					Casamayoran							47.9 *
											Mangaorapan	48.9
											Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Riochican						Teurian	56
					Itaboraian							56.9 *
					Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene					61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene		Tiupampan			62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian							Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian							Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
							Mangaotanean		90.5
							Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan		93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
						Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan		100.5
						Urutawan		103.3
						Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian					Korangan	113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian				259.51
		Wordian		Midian				264.28
		Wordian		Murgabian				266.2 *
		Roadian		Murgabian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian				273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian				279.8
		Artinskian		Bolorian				283.5
		Artinskian		Yakhtashian				286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian					298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian					303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian					307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian					323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian					330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian					346.7
												358.9