PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of North America		Devonian Subages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		European Faunal Zones
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene										0.129
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene										0.774
				Gelasian	Early Pleistocene									MN 17	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	Villanyian								MN 16	2.58
						Ruscinian								MN 16	3.1 *
														MN 15	3.2
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene									MN 15	3.6
														MN 14	4.2
														MN 13	4.9
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene	Turolian								MN 13	5.333
				Tortonian										MN 12	7.246
														MN 11	7.75
						Vallesian								MN 10	8.7
														MN 9	9.7
														MN 7 + 8	11.1
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene	Astaracian								MN 7 + 8	11.63
				Serravallian										MN 6	12.8 *
				Langhian										MN 5	13.82
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene	Orleanian								MN 4	15.98
						Orleanian								MN 3	16.9
						Agenian								MN 2	20
				Aquitanian										MN 2	20.44
				Aquitanian										MN 1	22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene							Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
				Lutetian	Middle Eocene										41.2
				Ypresian	Early Eocene								Bumbanian		47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene							Gashatan			56
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene										59.2
				Danian	Early Paleocene										61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
				Pliensbachian											184.2
				Sinemurian											192.9
				Hettangian											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
				Norian											208.5
				Carnian											227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
Wuchiapingian			Lopingian	Zechstein			254.14
Guadalupian			Capitanian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes	259.51
			Wordian	Wordian				264.28
			Roadian	Roadian				266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian	Leonardian				Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian				Autunian	Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian	Wolfcampian				Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian	358.9
									Middle Famennian	365.3 *
									Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian						Late Frasnian	372.2
									Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
									Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Late Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian			383.7 *
						Early Givetian			385.9 *
			Eifelian			Late Eifelian			387.7
			Eifelian			Early Eifelian			390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian			393.3
			Emsian			Early Emsian			398.3 *
			Pragian			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian			410.8
						Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian		Pridoli				Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian			Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula			427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu			429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu			430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani			431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani			433.4
			Telychian			Adavere			434 *
			Aeronian			Adavere			438.5
			Aeronian			Raikkula			439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula			440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
			Jiangshanian						489.5
			Paibian						494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						497
			Drumian						500.5
			Wuliuan						504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						509
	Stage 3	Series 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †	Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †	Vendian	571.7 *
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan			1375
															1400