PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Carboniferous of China	Permian of the Russian Platform		Carboniferous Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene								0.129
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene								0.774
				Gelasian	Early Pleistocene								1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	Villanyian							2.58
				Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	Ruscinian							3.1 *
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene	Ruscinian							3.6
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene	Turolian							5.333
				Tortonian		Turolian							7.246
				Tortonian		Vallesian							8.7
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene	Astaracian							11.63
				Langhian	Middle Miocene	Astaracian							13.82
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene	Orleanian							15.98
				Burdigalian		Agenian							20
				Aquitanian		Agenian							20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene								23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene								27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene								33.9
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene								37.71
				Lutetian	Middle Eocene								41.2
				Ypresian	Early Eocene								47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene								56
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene								59.2
				Danian	Early Paleocene								61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites						168.2
				Bajocian				Humphresianum					168.4
				Aalenian			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum						170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense					174.7
							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons						180.1
							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum						182
				Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni						184.2
				Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi						192.9
				Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis						199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
				Norian									208.5
				Carnian									227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
				Wuchiapingian									254.14
				Wuchiapingian						Tatarian	Vyatkian		256.8 *
			Guadalupian	Capitanian							Severodvinian		259.51
				Wordian							Urzhumian		264.28
				Roadian						Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
				Roadian						Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
Cisuralian			Kungurian	Kungurian					Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
									Filipovian	276.5 *
									Saraninian	280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian					Sarginian	283.5
									Irginian	285.9 *
									Burtsevian	287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian					Sterlitamakian	290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian					Tastubian	291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian					Shikhanian	293.52
									Uskalykian	294.8
									Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Gzhelian								Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian								Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian								Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian				307
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
										Huashibanian	318.5 *
										Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Dewunian				Late Mississippian	323.2
			Serpukhovian			Shangsian				Late Mississippian	330.8 *
			Visean			Shangsian				Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Visean			Jiusian				Middle Mississippian	335 *
			Tournaisian			Tangbagouan				Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
			Pragian							407.6
			Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian		Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
			Katian							445.2
			Sandbian							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
			Jiangshanian					489.5
			Paibian					494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					497
			Drumian				500.5
			Wuliuan				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4				509
		Series 2	Stage 3				514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian								635
		Tonian								720
		Tonian						Karatau		800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian						Karatau		1000
		Stenian						Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian						Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian						Burzyan		1375
													1400