PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Silurian of North America			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian of Western Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Nihewanian									0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene															0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene															0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene						Yushean									2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene						Yushean									3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene						Baodean									4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene															5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian							Tunggurian									11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene						Tunggurian									11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene						Shanwangian									13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene						Shanwangian									15.98
		Burdigalian							Xiejiaan									16.9
		Aquitanian							Xiejiaan									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene															33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene															37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene															41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene															56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene															59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Pliensbachian																184.2
		Sinemurian																192.9
		Hettangian																199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian																208.5
		Carnian																227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Melekhovian													251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian															Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian															Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian																264.28
		Wordian			Noginskian													264.9 *
		Roadian																266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																273.01
		Kungurian			Pavlovoposadian													276.8 *
		Artinskian			Pavlovoposadian												Autunian	283.5
		Artinskian			Rusavkinian													287.6 *
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian	303.7
					Khamovnikian	304.8
					Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian	307
					Podolskian	308.9 *
					Kashirian	311.4 *
					Vereian	313.8
					Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian	315.2
					Cheremshanian	316.9 *
					Prikamian	318.6 *
					Severokeltmian	319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
					Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian	323.2
					Protvian	324.4 *
					Steshevian	326.8 *
					Tarusian	329 *
		Visean			Venevian	330.9
					Mikhailovian	331.9 *
					Aleksinian	333.7 *
			Tulian		335.8 *
			Bobrikian		339.9 *
			Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian		346.7
			Kizelian		350.7 *
			Cherepetian		351.9 *
			Karakubian		354.4 *
			Upinian		356.3 *
			Malevkian		357.6 *
			Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean	Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian	Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan			419.2
	Pridoli					Niagaran			422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
						Medinan			Clinton		440.1 *
											440.7 *
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Kosovian	443.8
		Katian									Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian									Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian											453
													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
												Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian													458.4
											Dobrotivian				458.5 *
											Oretanian				459.7 *
												Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian										Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian									Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Late Cambrian											485.4
		Jiangshanian													489.5
		Paibian													494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Middle Cambrian											497
		Guzhangian													Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian														500.5
		Wuliuan														504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Early Cambrian											Branchian	509
		Stage 3													Branchian	514
		Stage 3													Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian														529
																		538.8