PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	Permian of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene					Sheridanian				0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene					Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene					Cudahyan/Sappan				0.774
		Calabrian						Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene									2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene									3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene									15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene									23.03
									Monroecreekian			23.1 *
									Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene						Geringian			27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene									29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene									37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene									37.71
		Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene							To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene							To3/To2/To1		61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian		Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian				300.1
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian			443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian	Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian					453
							Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
			Dobrotivian						458.5 *
			Oretanian						459.7 *
						Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian						468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ungurian			Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian			Batyrbaian					485.4
		Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian					489.5
						Aksaian					490.7 *
						Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian				Sakian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian			Ayusokkanian					497
		Guzhangian									499.5
		Drumian				Zhanaarykian					500.5
		Drumian				Tuesaian					503
		Wuliuan				Tuesaian					504.5
		Wuliuan									505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian								509
						Toyonian					510 *
						Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3				Botomian					514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian					515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian					521
		Stage 2									525.5
		Fortunian									529
												538.8