PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Silurian of North America			Devonian of Germany	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	European Faunal Units	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian											0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene													0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene													0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene		Yushean						Villanyian					2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene								Ruscinian					3.1 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene													3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene		Baodean											4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene								Turolian					5.333
		Tortonian									Turolian					7.246
											Vallesian					8.7
					Tunggurian						Vallesian					11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene		Tunggurian						Astaracian					11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene		Shanwangian						Astaracian					13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene		Shanwangian						Orleanian					15.98
					Xiejiaan						Orleanian					16.9
											Agenian					20
		Aquitanian									Agenian					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene													33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene													37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene													41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene													56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene													59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian														208.5
		Carnian														227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Vokhmian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								Vokhmian						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian						259.51
		Wordian								Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian						264.28
		Roadian								Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian														273.01
		Artinskian														283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	393.3
		Pragian				Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli					Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Lockportian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Ontarian			433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †		445.2
		Katian						Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
								Dobrotivian					458.5 *
								Oretanian					459.7 *
									Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian							Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian						Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian											Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan											Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan											Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4											Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3											Dyeran		514
													Montezuman		514.8 *
													Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																538.8