PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of the Salt Range	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of the Pamirs	Precambrian of Russia	Ordovician of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean							0
				Meghalayan				Santarosean							0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean							0.014
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene			Rancholabrean							0.129
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene			Irvingtonian							0.21
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene			Irvingtonian							0.774
				Calabrian				Blancan							1.4
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene										2.58
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene										3.6
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene			Hemphillian							4.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene										5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
				Tortonian				Clarendonian							9.4
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene			Clarendonian							11.63
				Serravallian				Barstovian							12.5
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene										15.98
								Hemingfordian							16.3
								Arikareean							18.5
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
				Rupelian	Early Oligocene					Kekeamuan					27.82
								Whitneyan							29.5
								Orellan							31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene			Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
				Priabonian	Late Eocene			Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					37
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene			Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
				Bartonian				Uintan							39.7
				Lutetian				Uintan							41.2
				Lutetian				Bridgerian							46.2
				Ypresian	Early Eocene			Bridgerian			Bumbanian				47.8
								Wasatchian							50.5
								Clarkforkian							54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Clarkforkian		Gashatan					56
				Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Tiffanian		Gashatan					56.2
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene			Tiffanian							59.2
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene			Torrejonian							60.9
				Danian	Early Paleocene			Torrejonian							61.6
				Danian	Early Paleocene			Puercan							63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Senonian						66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian					Gallic						100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian					Neocomian						125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
				Pliensbachian											184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
			Induan	251.2
			Induan	Kathwai		251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai		Dorashamian	251.902
							252.4 *
				Chhidru			252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian	Chhidru		Dzhulfian	254.14
				Kalabagh			255 *
				Wargal			256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian	259.51
			Wordian				264.28
							265.3 *
				Amb			266.1 *
						Murgabian	266.2 *
			Roadian				266.9
			Roadian				270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian	273.01
			Kungurian			Bolorian	279.8
			Artinskian			Bolorian	283.5
			Artinskian			Yakhtashian	286
			Sakmarian			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian						298.9
			Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian						303.7
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian						307
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian						323.2
			Visean			Middle Mississippian						330.9
			Tournaisian			Early Mississippian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
			Pragian							407.6
			Lochkovian							410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian			Gamachian		443.8
			Katian					Gamachian		445.2
								Richmondian		446 *
								Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian	450.4 *
					Mohawkian			Chatfieldian	451.1 *
			Sandbian					Chatfieldian	453
								Turinian	453.7 *
					Whiterockian				Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
			Dapingian								467.3
			Dapingian					Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian			Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian					Tulean				473.9 *
			Tremadocian					Tulean				477.7
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Skullrockian				485.4
			Stage 10									487.5
			Jiangshanian									489.5
			Paibian									494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
			Drumian									500.5
Wuliuan			504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	509
Series 2		Stage 3	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan									1375
															1400