PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean				0
				Meghalayan							Santarosean				0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean				0.014
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene						Rancholabrean				0.129
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene						Irvingtonian				0.21
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene						Irvingtonian				0.774
				Calabrian							Blancan				1.4
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene									Tertiary †	2.58
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene										3.6
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene						Hemphillian				4.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene										5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
				Tortonian							Clarendonian				9.4
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene						Clarendonian				11.63
				Serravallian							Barstovian				12.5
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene										15.98
											Hemingfordian				16.3
											Arikareean				18.5
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene										23.03
				Rupelian	Early Oligocene										27.82
											Whitneyan				29.5
											Orellan				31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene						Chadronian				33.9
				Priabonian	Late Eocene						Duchesnean				37
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene						Duchesnean				37.71
				Bartonian							Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian							Uintan				41.2
				Lutetian							Bridgerian				46.2
				Ypresian	Early Eocene						Bridgerian				47.8
											Wasatchian				50.5
											Clarkforkian				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene						Clarkforkian				56
				Thanetian	Late Paleocene						Tiffanian				56.2
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene						Tiffanian				59.2
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene						Torrejonian				60.9
				Danian	Early Paleocene						Torrejonian				61.6
				Danian	Early Paleocene						Puercan				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
				Pliensbachian											184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein		Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes			259.51
			Wordian				264.28
			Roadian				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
			Artinskian	Autunian			283.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				293.52
			Asselian				Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian					Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian				Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian		Hastarian		353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare		419.2
		Pridoli					Kaugetuma		421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian				Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian				Paadla		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula		427.4
			Homerian				Jaagarahu		429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu		430.5
			Sheinwoodian				Jaani		431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani		433.4
			Telychian				Adavere		434 *
			Aeronian				Adavere		438.5
			Aeronian				Raikkula		439.4 *
			Rhuddanian				Raikkula		440.8
			Rhuddanian				Juuru		441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan						Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
										Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Sunwaptan	487.5
						Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								489.5
										Steptoean	493 *
						Maentwrogian					493.1 *
		Paibian				Maentwrogian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian			Albertian †			St Davids		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Marjumian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan									Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran	506.5								Stage 5 †
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †		Caerfai						509
		Stage 4	Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran									514
			Montezuman									514.8 *
			Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †						Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †						Wonokan †		571.7 *
															635