PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Ten Million Year Bins	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of the Baltic		European Faunal Units	Permian Subages of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6											0
				Northgrippian															0.0042
				Greenlandian															0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Tarantian			0.0117
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene											Ionian			0.129
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene														0.774
				Gelasian	Early Pleistocene														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene				Tertiary †					Villanyian					2.58
				Piacenzian	Late Pliocene									Ruscinian					3.1 *
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene									Ruscinian					3.6
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene									Turolian					5.333
				Tortonian										Turolian					7.246
				Tortonian										Vallesian					8.7
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene			Cenozoic 5						Astaracian					11.63
				Langhian	Middle Miocene									Astaracian					13.82
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene									Orleanian					15.98
				Burdigalian										Agenian					20
				Aquitanian										Agenian					20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene			Cenozoic 4									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene			Cenozoic 4									Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene			Cenozoic 3									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene			Cenozoic 3									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Lutetian	Middle Eocene			Cenozoic 2											41.2
				Ypresian	Early Eocene			Cenozoic 2										Bumbanian	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Cenozoic 1									Gashatan		56
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene														59.2
				Danian	Early Paleocene														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8											66
				Campanian				Cretaceous 7											72.1
				Santonian				Cretaceous 6											83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian				Cretaceous 4											100.5
				Aptian				Cretaceous 3											113
				Barremian				Cretaceous 2											121.4
				Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2											125.77
				Valanginian				Cretaceous 1											132.6
				Berriasian				Cretaceous 1											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Jurassic 6											145
				Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5											149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian				Jurassic 4											165.3
				Bajocian				Jurassic 4											168.2
				Aalenian				Jurassic 3											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Jurassic 3											174.7
				Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2											184.2
				Sinemurian				Jurassic 1											192.9
				Hettangian				Jurassic 1											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4											201.4
				Norian				Triassic 4											208.5
				Carnian				Triassic 3											227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Triassic 2											237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian				Triassic 2											242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian				Triassic 1											247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan				Triassic 1											251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4							Buntsandstein				251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †					Buntsandstein				254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian											Ohre/Aller				259.51
				Wordian											Leine				264.28
				Roadian				Permian 3											266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2											273.01
				Artinskian															283.5
Sakmarian				290.1
Asselian				Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		298.9
			Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5		303.7
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		307
			Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2		330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian		Pridoli		Silurian 2		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian				Pirgu	445.2
							Vormsi	449.6 *
					Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
					Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
						Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4		Keila	Idavere †	453
						Haljala		453.9
						Kukruse		456.4 *
						Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Uhaku		458.4
						Lasnamagi		458.9 *
						Aseri		460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
						Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Volkhov			467.3
			Dapingian			Billingen			469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
							Latorp †		470.1 *
						Hunneberg			473.7 *
			Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Hunneberg			477.7
						Varangu			481.3 *
						Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Pakerort			485.4
									486.3 *
									486.5
			Jiangshanian						489.5
			Paibian						494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4					Series 3 †		497
			Drumian	Cambrian 4							500.5
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						Stage 5 †	504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3							509
	Stage 3	Series 2	Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																			635