PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian		Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene				Sheridanian				0.129
							Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
					Ensenadan						0.3 *
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene								0.774
							Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
					Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene		Vorohuean						2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene		Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene		Chapadmalalan						3.6
					Montehermosan						3.7 *
					Montehermosan		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
					Huayquerian						4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian								Pannonian	7.246
					Chasicoan						7.9 *
					Chasicoan		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
					Mayoan						9.9 *
					Laventan						10.9 *
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene							Sarmatian	11.63
							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Sarmatian	12.5
										Badenian	12.8 *
					Colloncuran					Badenian	13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran						13.82
		Langhian			Friasian						15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene		Friasian						15.98
					Santacrucian						16.2 *
					Santacrucian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
					Colhuehuapian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				17.4 *
							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan						20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene								23.03
								Monroecreekian			23.1 *
								Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene								27.82
					Tinguirirican						28.9 *
											29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
					Divisaderan		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				35.9 *
											37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene								37.71
		Bartonian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian									41.2
					Mustersan						41.9 *
							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene								47.8
					Casamayoran						47.9 *
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Riochican				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
					Riochican				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
					Itaboraian						56.9 *
					Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene						To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene								61.6
					Tiupampan						62.4 *
					Tiupampan				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian							66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic							100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian		Neocomian							125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
											145