PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127682 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	Carboniferous Subepochs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Carboniferous of Western Europe	European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene									0.129
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene									0.774
				Gelasian	Early Pleistocene		MN 17							1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene		MN 16						Villanyian	2.58
							MN 16						Ruscinian	3.1 *
							MN 15							3.2
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene		MN 15							3.6
							MN 14							4.2
							MN 13							4.9
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene		MN 13						Turolian	5.333
				Tortonian			MN 12							7.246
							MN 11							7.75
							MN 10						Vallesian	8.7
							MN 9							9.7
							MN 7 + 8							11.1
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene		MN 7 + 8						Astaracian	11.63
				Serravallian			MN 6							12.8 *
				Langhian			MN 5							13.82
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene		MN 4						Orleanian	15.98
							MN 3						Orleanian	16.9
							MN 2						Agenian	20
				Aquitanian			MN 2							20.44
				Aquitanian			MN 1							22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene					MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25			23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene					MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25			27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene					MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A				33.9
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene					MP 16				37.71
				Lutetian	Middle Eocene					MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				41.2
				Ypresian	Early Eocene					MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7				47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene					MP 6	MP 1 - 5			56
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene									59.2
				Danian	Early Paleocene									61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian								66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic								100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian		Neocomian								125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian										168.2
				Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
				Pliensbachian										184.2
				Sinemurian										192.9
				Hettangian										199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
				Norian										208.5
				Carnian										227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
Wuchiapingian			Lopingian	254.14
Guadalupian			Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
			Asselian	Kuzel				297.7
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
				Stephanian					Stephanian C			300.3 *
									Stephanian B			300.9 *
									Stephanian A			301.4 *
			Kasimovian						Stephanian A			303.7
			Kasimovian						Cantabrian			305 *
			Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian			307
				Westphalian					Westphalian D			307.4 *
									Westphalian C			309.8
									Westphalian B			314.6
			Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B			315.2
									Westphalian A			317 *
				Namurian					Yeadonian			318.8 *
									Marsdenian			320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
							Alportian		322 *
							Chokierian		323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian	Late Mississippian	323.2
							Arnsbergian		324 *
							Pendleian		327.4 *
			Visean	Middle Mississippian			Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian	Early Mississippian			Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian		Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Gleedonian		427.4
			Homerian			Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian				445.2
			Sandbian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
			Jiangshanian				489.5
			Paibian				494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				497
			Drumian				500.5
			Wuliuan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian								635
		Tonian								720
		Tonian							Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							Karatau	1000
		Stenian							Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian							Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian							Burzyan	1375
														1400