PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	Permian of North America		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of Czechoslovakia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean		0
				Meghalayan							Santarosean		0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean		0.014
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene						Rancholabrean		0.129
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene						Irvingtonian		0.21
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene						Irvingtonian		0.774
				Calabrian							Blancan		1.4
				Gelasian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene								2.58
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene								3.6
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene						Hemphillian		4.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene								5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
				Tortonian							Clarendonian		9.4
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene						Clarendonian		11.63
				Serravallian							Barstovian		12.5
				Langhian									13.82
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene								15.98
											Hemingfordian		16.3
											Arikareean		18.5
				Aquitanian									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene								23.03
				Rupelian	Early Oligocene								27.82
											Whitneyan		29.5
											Orellan		31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene						Chadronian		33.9
				Priabonian	Late Eocene						Duchesnean		37
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene						Duchesnean		37.71
				Bartonian							Uintan		39.7
				Lutetian							Uintan		41.2
				Lutetian							Bridgerian		46.2
				Ypresian	Early Eocene						Bridgerian		47.8
											Wasatchian		50.5
											Clarkforkian		54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene						Clarkforkian		56
				Thanetian	Late Paleocene						Tiffanian		56.2
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene						Tiffanian		59.2
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene						Torrejonian		60.9
				Danian	Early Paleocene						Torrejonian		61.6
				Danian	Early Paleocene						Puercan		63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian							66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic							100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian		Neocomian							125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
				Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
				Pliensbachian									184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian	Wordian			264.28
			Roadian	Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian			Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian				Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian				Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian	Wolfcampian			Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian				Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian				Nealian	Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian					Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian					Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian					Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian					Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian					Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chesterian	323.2
			Visean					Chesterian	330.9
								Meramecian	335.8 *
								Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian					Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian					Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Srbsko	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Chotec	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						Daleje/Zlichovian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian						Pragian	Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian						Lochkovian	Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
		Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
			Jiangshanian		489.5
			Paibian		494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		497
			Drumian		500.5
			Wuliuan		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		509
		Series 2	Stage 3		514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †					Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †					Wonokan †	571.7 *
													635