PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian of the Salt Range	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permian of the Russian Platform
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene										0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene										0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian	Late Miocene										7.246
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene										11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene										13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene										15.98
		Aquitanian	Early Miocene										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene										33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene										37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene										41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene										56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene										59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian						Lancian/Edmontonian			66
		Campanian								Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic									100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian		Neocomian									125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras								168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								168.4
		Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								174.7
					Planulata								179.3 *
					Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi						179.8 *
					Kanense								181.3 *
					Carlottense								182.3 *
					Kunae								183.5 *
		Pliensbachian			Kunae								184.2
					Freboldi								185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras							186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras							189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis							190.3 *
		Sinemurian											192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras						196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
		Induan											251.2
		Induan						Kathwai					251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Kathwai	251.902
									252.4 *
								Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian						Chhidru	254.14
								Kalabagh	255 *
								Wargal	256 *
									Tatarian		Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian									Urzhumian	264.28
												265.3 *
								Amb				266.1 *
		Roadian						Amb	Kazanian		Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian							Kazanian		Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
											Filipovian	276.5 *
											Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian							Artinskian		Sarginian	283.5
											Irginian	285.9 *
											Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian		Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian						Shikhanian		293.52
									Uskalykian		294.8
									Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Mapingian †								298.9
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Kasimovian	Mapingian †								303.7
													305.9