PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian		MN 17					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	MN 16					2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	MN 15					3.2
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene	MN 15					3.6
				MN 14					4.2
				MN 14	Hemphillian				4.7
				MN 13					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene	MN 13					5.333
		Tortonian		MN 12					7.246
				MN 11					7.75
				MN 10					8.7
				MN 10	Clarendonian				9.4
				MN 9					9.7
				MN 7 + 8					11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene						11.63
					Barstovian				12.5
				MN 6					12.8 *
		Langhian		MN 5					13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene	MN 4					15.98
				MN 4	Hemingfordian				16.3
				MN 3	Hemingfordian				16.9
				MN 3	Arikareean				18.5
				MN 2					20
		Aquitanian		MN 2					20.44
		Aquitanian		MN 1					22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene						27.82
					Whitneyan				29.5
					Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene		Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene		Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene		Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene		Bridgerian				47.8
					Wasatchian				50.5
					Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene		Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene		Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian		100.5
							Middle Albian		106.2 *
							Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian		113
		Aptian				Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian	139.8
						Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
						Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian		174.7
						Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
						Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian				Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian		213.2 *
						Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian		227
		Carnian				Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian		237
		Ladinian				Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian			358.9
			Middle Famennian			365.3 *
			Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian			372.2
			Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
			Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian			382.7
			Middle Givetian			383.7 *
			Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian			410.8
			Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian				Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran		514
						Montezuman		514.8 *
						Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
									538.8