PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		South American Land Mammal Ages		Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian			0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene			Lujanian			0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene			Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene			Ensenadan			0.774
		Calabrian				Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian				Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene			Vorohuean			2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene			Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene			Chapadmalalan			3.6
						Montehermosan			3.7 *
						Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian						Pannonian	7.246
						Chasicoan			7.9 *
						Mayoan			9.9 *
						Laventan			10.9 *
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene					Sarmatian	11.63
								Badenian	12.8 *
						Colloncuran		Badenian	13.7 *
		Langhian				Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian				Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene			Friasian			15.98
						Santacrucian			16.2 *
						Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
		Aquitanian				Colhuehuapian			20.44
		Aquitanian				Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene						27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene			Tinguirirican			28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene			Tinguirirican			33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene			Divisaderan			35.9 *
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian							41.2
		Lutetian				Mustersan			41.9 *
		Ypresian	Early Eocene			Mustersan			47.8
		Ypresian	Early Eocene			Casamayoran			47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Riochican			56
						Itaboraian			56.9 *
						Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene						61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene			Tiupampan			62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	393.3
		Pragian		Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10			Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian			Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian			Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian			Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids			497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai			509
	Series 2	Stage 3				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
									538.8