PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ammonite Chrons of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Permian of the Salt Range
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene													0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene													0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene										Tertiary †			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene													5.333
		Tortonian	Late Miocene													7.246
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene													11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene													13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene													15.98
		Aquitanian	Early Miocene													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene													33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene													37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene													41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene													56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene													59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian								Epizigzagiceras						168.2
		Bajocian								Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
		Aalenian								Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						174.7
										Planulata						179.3 *
										Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi				179.8 *
										Kanense						181.3 *
										Carlottense						182.3 *
										Kunae						183.5 *
		Pliensbachian								Kunae						184.2
										Freboldi						185.1 *
										Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras					186.2 *
											Tetraspidoceras					189.2 *
										Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis					190.3 *
		Sinemurian														192.9
										Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras				196.4 *
										Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian								Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian														208.5
		Carnian														227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian														247.2
		Induan														251.2
		Induan													Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902											Kathwai
					252.4 *
				Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian		Chhidru	Longtanian †	254.14
				Kalabagh		255 *
				Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
						265.3 *
				Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian		Amb		266.9
		Roadian				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian			427.4
		Homerian	Whitwellian			429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian				Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian						453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †				456.2 *
							Liben †						458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
						Dobrotivian							458.5 *
						Oretanian							459.7 *
							Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †						467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Merioneth							Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10									Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian									Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian								Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian								Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				St Davids					Series 3 †	497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Caerfai							509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
																538.8